Rural Poverty in Indonesia

Rural Poverty in Indonesia Introduction In spite of the recent occurrence of global economic recession, the economy of Indonesia has been going on growing at a steady rate, making the country to be classified among the middle-class countries.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rural Poverty in Indonesia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to Indonesia realizing constant economic growth, there has been a steady decrease in the overall poverty level in the country: the level has dropped from 17%, witnessed in the year 2004, to about 12.5% in the year 2011 (IFAD 1). However, even if Indonesia has realized a reduction in the overall poverty level, the poor people, especially those living in the rural areas in this country, are currently worse off and the gap between the wealthy people and the poor is getting wider and wider (IFAD 1). In this paper, I am going to support my viewpoint that; despite Indonesia realizing substantial economic gro wth, rural poverty in the country remains to be a big problem that needs to be addressed with urgent need. The conclusion section of the paper will present a summary of discussion. Rural Poverty in Indonesia Suryahadi and Hadiwidjaja point out the idea that Indonesia’s power to bring down the level of poverty became stronger after the occurrence of the Asian financial crisis (Suryahadi and Hadiwidjaja 20). However, they also offer an explanation that there is a slower rate of poverty reduction among the rural poor (Suryahadi and Hadiwidjaja 20). They point out that the growth of Indonesia’s economy does not benefit individuals who need to be greatly attended to (Suryahadi and Hadiwidjaja 20). As on one hand a larger number of people living in poverty are found in the rural areas, on the other hand, there exists â€Å"a division in which the pace of poverty reduction slows down in rural areas and speeds up in urban areas after the crisis† (Suryahadi and Hadiwidja ja 20). Moreover, these researchers observe that, the contribution made by the â€Å"urban services sector growth†, which is found to be very much effectual in poverty reduction, reduced for the rural regions after the occurrence of the Asian financial crisis (Suryahadi and Hadiwidjaja 20).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Following this, the impact of the â€Å"urban services sector† is not currently felt in the rural areas in the same way it used to be before the occurrence of the Asian financial crisis. As a result, it is not a big surprise that the overall rate of reduction of poverty level in Indonesia decreases (Suryahadi and Hadiwidjaja 20). Approximately fifty percent of the Indonesian population lives only slightly above the poverty line (IFAD 1). This population that is near to poverty is prone to such unfavorable conditions as incre ases in the food prices, poor health, natural calamities among other factors, which can easily take them back to poverty (Hasan, Rana and Quibria 261). In spite of the country taking appropriate measures, in the recent times, to bring improvements in the health as well as education sectors, the quality of health care and public services cannot measure up to the same standards as those of other middle-income nations but remains behind (Loayza and Raddatz 141). It is also reported that high levels of undernourishment among the young kids, higher levels of deaths among mothers, lack of clean drinking water and poor quality of education for children, are found to be the most common problems affecting the poor people living in rural areas in Indonesia (IFAD 1). An example of a fluctuation in food prices causing an increase in the poverty levels among the near-poor people can be given of a situation that occurred during the years 2005 and 2006. During that time, the Indonesian government banned imports and this led to an increase in domestic rice price (Suryahadi, Hadiwidjaja and Sumarto 7). This was considered by a number of researchers as being among the main causes of the increase in the poverty levels (McCulloch 45; Warr 14; World Bank 1). It is pointed out that, even if there was introducing of â€Å"the UCT and an expansion of Raskin benefits around the same time, near poor households were unable to cope with the rising price of their single most important consumption good† (Suryahadi, Hadiwidjaja and Sumarto 7). About 70% of the total number of the people in Indonesia lives in the rural areas and their major source of income is farming (IFAD 1). Research shows that poverty in these rural areas is on the increase and it has been reported that about 16.5% of the people in the rural areas live in poverty as compared to about 9.9% of those who live in urban areas (IFAD 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rural Poverty in Indonesia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wetterberg, Sumarto and Pritchett point out that in Indonesia, the difference in the rates of poverty in the urban and rural areas always stands at above 6%, apart from the case of the year 1998, in the course of the Asian financial crisis which adversely affected the people living in the urban centers more than those living in the rural areas (Wetterberg, Sumarto and Pritchett 145). A very large number of small-scale farmers are not able to capitalize on the available opportunities that economic growth offers (IFAD 1). The farmers are mostly not in a position to have access to the financial and agricultural extension services and they also do not have good and reliable markets for their farm products (IFAD 1). Moreover, production of food by the rural population greatly puts focus on satisfying the subsistence needs (de Janvry and Sadoulet 13). Even if this country engages in the production of the crops that have a high market value such coffee, cloves and cocoa among others, the government has not invested much in the processing, marketing and management systems which are required in the expansion of production and â€Å"take full advantage of this demand† (de Janvry and Sadoulet 13). Poverty in Indonesia is more prevalent in the isolated eastern islands than other areas and in this region, about 95% of the people in the rural areas live in poverty (IFAD 1). In most parts of this region, people engage in subsistence farming. The native people that have always been marginalized and have not been able to benefit from the development programs put in place by the government are in these areas. The areas in the coastal region have been environmentally degraded and the villages can only be accessed with much difficulty. People living in these areas find that the only way they can overcome the problem of poverty is to migrate to the urban areas (IFAD 1). Some research findin gs have shown that migration to urban areas from the rural areas plays a big role in poverty reduction.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, Abuzar Asra, following his research on poverty levels among the people who live in urban areas and rural areas, found out that in the period between 1987 and 1996, there was significant decline in poverty levels as a result of rural to urban migration in Indonesia (Asra 1). Moreover, the women, especially those living in rural areas in Indonesia, are very susceptible to poverty. They have limited access to quality education, receive less pay as compared to men and they are often discriminated against in their communities as well as their households and may be excluded in decision making (Miranti 80). Conclusion The argument in this paper has been that: despite Indonesia realizing substantial economic growth, rural poverty in the country remains to be a big problem that needs to be addressed with urgent need. It has been found out that the country became even stronger in working towards bringing down the level of poverty after the recent Asian financial crisis. However, poverty reduction has been found to be slower in the rural population than in the urban one. Over 70% of Indonesians live in rural areas and basically depend on agriculture for their livelihood. But there is no adequate government support for agricultural production and marketing and the people who live in the rural areas mainly focus on subsistence farming. In addition, women and people living in remote areas have been marginalized and discriminated against and they do not have sufficient access to the government services. Moreover, the people in rural areas in Indonesia are also vulnerable to some unfavorable conditions such as changing food prices and poor health conditions among others. Such conditions may not make it possible for these people to evade poverty completely. It is important that the Indonesian government take necessary measures to ensure all its people receive equal benefits from the economic growth that is being realized by the country. Asra, Abuzar. Urban-rural differences in costs of living and their impact on poverty measures. n.d. Web. de Janvry, Alain and Sadoulet Elisabeth. â€Å"Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction: Additional Evidence.† World Bank Research Observer 9.25 (2009): 1-20. Print. Hasan, Rana and Quibria George. â€Å"Industry Matters for Poverty: A Critique of Agricultural Fundamentalism.† Kyklos, 57.2 (2004): 253-64. Print. IFAD. Rural poverty in Indonesia, 2012. Web. Loayza, Norman and Raddatz Claudio. â€Å"The Composition of Growth Matters for Poverty Alleviation.† Journal of Development Economics 93.1 (2010): 137-151. Print. McCulloch, Neil. â€Å"Rice prices and poverty in Indonesia.† Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 44.1(2008): 45-63. Print. Miranti, Riyana. â€Å"Poverty in Indonesia 1984-2002: The Impact of Growth and Changes in Inequality.† Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 46.1 (2010): 79-97. Print. Suryahadi, Asep and Hadiwidjaja Gracia 2011, The role of ag riculture in poverty a Poverty, food prices and economic growth in Southeast Asian perspective. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2011. Print. Wetterberg, Anna, Sumarto Sudarno and Pritchett Lant. â€Å"A national snapshot of the social impact of Indonesia’s.† Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 35.3(1999): 145-152. Print. World Bank. Managing through a global downturn: East Asia Update. Washington DC: World Bank East Asia and Pacific Region, 2006. Print.

Communications - Single-loop & Double-loop Learning Essay

Communications - Single-loop & Double-loop Learning - Essay Example It is also possible to simply reject the basis of this goal since a great amount of experience has already been gained. It can be undertaken by an individual or even an organization. Learning regimes are helped essentially by the aligning of instruction and assessment methods with theoretical basis. Instruction takes care of the assessment methods and assessments in return discern the exact basis of a student’s repertoire with knowledge. Theories look after the different ways under which strategic basis is manifested. All of these help in jotting down the learning styles which are adopted by different students. It is a need to align the instruction needs and assessment methods in order to reap rich rewards for the students as per their learning regimes. This will essentially make them into learned individuals at the end of the day. Both instruction and assessment methods incorporate the element of learning from a long haul. The different educational paradigms that come into pl ay include the positivist, the constructivist and the critical – all of which support as well as obstruct the alignment process in essence. Supporting the alignment process would mean that the organization is getting the work done in a pretty easy fashion (Garette, 2001). On the other hand, obstructing the alignment process would entail its basis within the critical paradigm of educational discussions. Thus the paradigm basis will manifest the wrongdoings in a person or an entity so to speak. The type of paradigm that an organization uses depends a great deal on its kind of work. The usage of all these three educational paradigms would mean that there is a complete mesh and the organization will reap the benefits in the long run Chris Argyris has provided for a clear cut description of the single-loop and double-loop learning mechanisms which have been instrumental at highlighting how organizational learning has been studied in the time and age of today. This is in light of t he ever-changing mechanisms that are closely associated with organizational learning and how employees have been able to shape up their domains on a proactively consistent basis. This comes from the aegis of the organizations themselves where the top management realms play their significant roles. Modifying the goal is important because it tells an individual exactly how to reach the goal and thus achieve his long term objectives and desires. Same is not the case with single-loop learning where there has been witnessed an inability for the goal modification realms (Marsick & Watkins, 1996). These are some of the most discussed aspects that come under the realms of organizational learning and have been depicted in a number of examples in the past as well. One should believe that double-loop learning is much better because it is comprehensive and encloses a number of aspects when one compares the same with single-loop learning. It is a fact that any organization that allows learning t o come about in a natural fashion with its folds is an organization that knows how to run its varied processes and carry out relevant tasks in a quantifiable manner. What learning essentially does is to bring in the much touted value and quality

Why are some firms Born Global Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why are some firms Born Global - Essay Example The motivation behind this phenomenon has been the increasing ease in conducting international trade and the globalisation concept that is being embraced the world over where the globe is one big market. This paper shall seek to look at why some firms are born global and look into the risks that they face in international markets. Firms that are born global have various characteristics in common that are both internal and external and they have similar market strategies they use to approach the international market. The born global concept therefore circles around internationalisation of firms and thus their ultimate expansion strategy (Fillis 2001, pp. 767-83). As mentioned earlier these firms enter into the export market when they are relatively small and young and the drive to do this emanates from their perception of the world being a market place. They take advantage of this and venture into markets abroad. These firms have been a subject of intense research for many years and particularly for the last two decades. They were first labelled as innate exporters but these were more characterised by high level management skills as well as a broader and in-depth international business outlook. Some firms were also taken for study and they were the high technology ones. These firms were seen to sprout to the i nternational business arena right from their start. The basic reason for this was the nature of their products where they needed to venture into new market so as to have a wider market base for their exotic products. All these firms that were characterised by their speed to enter into the international market were later termed as International New Ventures (Child and Rita 2001, pp. 1135-48). The following diagram illustrates this concept better: Although it was mentioned earlier that born global firms have been under research for a number of years now, the various challenges they

Economic conditions Essay Example for Free

Economic conditions Essay In this essay I’m going to argue that social, political, or economic conditions cannot alter the nature and meaning of art, with specific reference to works of art from Baroque and Rococo epochs. Evaluating a work of art is always a complicated task. Since the perception of art and beauty is highly subjective, it’s hard to think of universal criteria to measure artistic qualities of a certain piece. However, there is a broad consensus among the critics that there are certain criteria they apply when judging an art work. It’s possible to focus on four main criteria to judge an art work. First and foremost, the piece should be aesthetically pleasing, i. e. correspond to the all-common notion of beauty. It should be harmonious and evoking positive, elevated feelings. While there is a trend among some contemporary artists to make their pieces arouse indignation and disgust with a view to delivering a certain message or merely astonishing the public, I strongly deem that art and aesthetics are inherently linked. For instance, a typical example of baroque sculpture St. Theresa in Ecstasy of the church of Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome created by Bernini is perfect in its form, since it captures the beauty and harmony together with motion and energy. Same is true about Rococo sculpture: looking at ‘Amour menacant’ created by Etienne Maurice Falconet, it’s impossible not to admire the high degree of sophistication and perfection the statue of the little angel embodies. The second criterion I’m going to use is quality of workmanship, i. e. the mastery of artists’ skills. Another criterion which is very important is the uniqueness of artists’ manner. Great artists stand out for the peculiarity of their individual style. Some of them prefer to pioneer new forms and techniques, yet this is not a prerequisite for creating a style of your own. Many talented artists don’t break away from the tradition but simply find their own niche within the existing patterns of expression. While some artists of the Baroque and Rococo epoch were considered rebellious, e. g. Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, they didn’t violate basic rules of harmonious and aesthetically pleasing artistic expression. Jean-Honore Fragonard’s manner was also innovative in many instances, sine he introduced a delicate interplay of light and shadow as well as implicit eroticism into mainstream French painting, however he adhered to the generally accepted notion of what beauty and art are. Finally, the forth criterion is the message the piece is trying to send. Here it’s necessary to take into account the importance and relevance of the message as well as how successful the piece is in delivering it. Baroque and Rococo painters mainly focused on the depiction of mythological and religious scenes as well as the scenes from the daily life of the upper circles of society. While both themes that dominated the artistic discourse might seem to be detached from the real life, they served an important goal of educating the public about mythological and religious narratives or captured the spirit of their times through the portrayal of the privileged members of society The most persuasive proof of the thesis that social, political, or economic conditions cannot alter the nature and meaning of art is the fact that nowadays we still admire great works of art irrespective of the epoch they belong to.

Platos The Republic †Should We Search for the Truth? Essay -- Philos

Plato's Republic – Should We Search for the Truth? There is the common belief that what we experience as reality is just a mere illusion of the truth. Plato's allegory of the cave in "The Republic" describes human beings as being chained in a cave, such that they cannot move but are forced to face a wall, onto which shadows of puppets and themselves are projected. They are deceived into believing that their reality is composed of these "shadows" when actually, the world of truth is the "light" outside the cave. This analogy insinuates the probability that we have been entertaining "false notions" about life, and all our beliefs, ranging from religion to the sciences, are merely representations of the truth. What is this "light" that burns so bright in Plato's eyes? Are we certain that it exists? Because for all we know, life might be nothing but the cave itself. Plato appears certain of what the "light" beyond the cave will reveal to the one who has made the journey out. Firstly it will provide a means of illumination that will expose the "real existence" of the world. In the brightness of the "light", everything would be seen in their full beauty instead of the vague impressions shadows create. He would receive accurate information about life and therefore dispense with the need to discern between the truth and the lie. Furthermore, he would also see himself in his own "proper place". He would no longer be confused about his identity, role in society or purpose in life, and could then carry out his duties confidently and effectively. Secondly the "light" itself also symbolizes the "idea of good". Since it is mentioned in the allegory that if one were to act "rationally", he would need to rely on the "idea of good". It ca... ...tion we receive from life. In this case of the allegory, Plato is working on a whole plane of uncertainty as he is neither able to determine the existence of a different reality nor disprove the credibility of our lives. The world as we know it is indeed imperfect but imperfection should not qualify it as being false. Should we stop all things and embark on the intellectual ascent to the truth? Philosophically, yes. For according to Plato it would be better to "endure anything, rather than think as they do and live after their manner". However it is questionable if the need for knowledge of the truth (which might not even exist) is great enough to justify a journey in search for it. This is a decision we have to make for ourselves. Works Cited Plato. Republic. Trans. Benjamin Jowett. 8 Jan. 2001. http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/writing/ccwp11/allegory.htm.

A Case Study on: Toyota Revs Up U.S. Sales Essay

Since 1903, Chevrolet or Ford has been the best-selling car brand in the United States until 2002. Between two competitors, Ford is the first position in the market that year Toyota motor corporation of Japan sold cars nearest to the two competitors and Toyota will pass Ford in the very near future as because for the effectiveness of its long-term planning, modest goal and Toyota developed Strategy that modest growth in Japan, Europe and North America that was biggest opportunities in Southeast Asia but unfortunately economics level of Southeast Asia has slowed. The Japanese market is becoming more competitive for Toyota and the firm is losing sales to Honda & Nissan. For recovering this situation, Toyota’s manger intend to exploit opportunity fully and Toyota sales more vehicles in the states than in Japan. Than the firm uses corporate level strategy to focus on U. S market this strategy leads the firm into top place in the America market. â€Å"WE Must Americanize. † – Fujio Cho Toyota Motor Corporation Q. 1. List the threats and opportunities that Toyota is facing in its environment. Then list the strength and weakness of Toyota? See more: Satirical elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essay Answer: Basis on the Toyota’s business environment, Toyota facing some several threats and opportunities. These are point out in the below: Threats: 1. The economies level of Southeast Asian countries has slowed. 2. The Japanese market is getting more competitive for Toyota. 3. Toyota is losing sales to Honda and Nissan. 4. Initially Ford and Chevrolet has been best-selling car brand in the U. S market. Opportunities: 1. Exploiting of Toyota’s intend in the U. S. market 2. Approaching to local managers in order to Americanize. 3. Import taxes and current risk are reduced by manufacturing 2/3 of the cars U. S. and keeping revenues and expenses in U. S. dollars. 4. Utilizing American designers to compete effectively in the U. S. market Strengths: 1. The effectiveness of Toyota’s in long-term planning. 2. Toyota has innovative new product development. 3. The American competitors have been slow to respond to Toyota’s threat. 4. As a company, Toyota is beginning to set better long-term goals. 5. Toyota has accomplished ambitious goals. 6. Toyota do not like new direction and prefer that the firm stick â€Å"Toyota Way† Weaknesses: 1. Initially, Toyota had a very conservative approach to goals. 2. Failure to recognize market opportunity to develop a full-size pickup truck. 3. Slowing economies level in Southeast Asian countries.. 4. Traditionalists inside Toyota do not like where the company is headed and want to stick to old ways. 5. Lack of understanding of American preferences at the highest levels of the company. Q. 2. Consider Toyota’s U. S auto business. What business level strategy is the firm using? What factors did you rely on in reaching your decision? Answer: Toyota’s CEO realize that they must Americanize for this purpose the firm is using more American designers for care to be sold in the U. S market. This allows the firm to complete effectively with U. S auto market and to stay in touch with demands of American consumers. To achieve U. S market, the firm is using Geographical corporate level strategy. I relied on in reaching my decision, several distinct factors. These are given below: 1. Toyota’s business environment 2. Intend to exploit opportunity of Toyota’s manager 3. Toyota’s corporate level strategy Q. 3. In your opinion, is Toyota’s corporate level strategy (to focus on the U. S Market) likely to be effective over the next ten years? Why or why not? Answer: yes, I think Toyota’s corporate level strategy is definitely to be effective over the next ten years as because it is a company which is known for the effectiveness of its long term planning. Its corporate level strategy gets tremendous success in U. S Market. They are using American designers which will help to compete in the future due to get knowledge of updated consumer demand. It also using overall cost leadership strategy in American market. By considering the above case I think Toyota’s corporate level strategy would be effective over the next ten years.

United States Immigration Reform Why The Debate Is At A...

Nas Owusu Professor Gilmour GOVT 05-06-2015 United States Immigration Reform: Why the debate is at a Standstill â€Å"Remember, remember always, that all of us, and you and I especially are descended from immigrants and revolutionists.† –Franklin D. Roosevelt Immigration continues to be is a highly controversial topic in the United States of America. At times it seems that the only common ground that can be found is that the United States immigration system is completely and totally broken. After doing only a small amount of research those who may view immigration issues as only the problem of individual immigrants with find that the problem has sweeping influence and vast consequences. Today’s immigration debates continue to center on issues that stem from the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. This legislation ended up being very problematic, and becoming an action that many look back on with regret. After diving into the law itself, the problems surrounding the law, the debate afterwards, and the proposed solutions we will gain clearer insight into the intricacies of the United States immigration debate. The United States has been a symbol of freedom and opportunity that millions of men and women around the world for years. Immigration has a huge part to play in the economic and social development of the United States. The country has relied on constant flow of people from all pockets of the world. As a result, the United States has benefited from aShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: