Definition Essay - Art is Anything -- Expository Definition Essays

Definition Essay - Art is Anything Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary[1][1] characterizes craftsmanship as â€Å"the cognizant utilization of ability and inventive creative mind particularly in the creation of stylish articles; likewise, works so produced.† This definition is comprehensive of most types of workmanship. Tragically, craftsmanship goes a long ways past this constraining sentence. Craftsmanship can be contemplations, stylish manifestations, melodic structures, or movement. Workmanship can be seen, heard, and additionally felt. Craftsmanship is concrete and dynamic, simultaneously. Craftsmanship is articulation and feeling. Workmanship is anything. When attempting to characterize workmanship, mankind runs in to numerous challenges. Conventional ideas of workmanship incorporate artwork, figure, drawing, and photography. Workmanship can likewise be one basic idea. The theoretical thought of inventiveness is workmanship. Creative mind is craftsmanship. Words are craftsmanship. Straightforwardly, craftsmanship is anything an individual makes. A painter with a lifetime of formal training in oils, acrylics, and watercolors, is the same amount of a specialists as a three-year-old with a pot of red finger paint. By making, one makes workmanship. ...

The Rivalry Between Boeing and Airbus Essay -- Economics Airlines Airc

The Rivalry Between Boeing and Airbus The contention among Boeing and Airbus returns far, when Boeing was by a wide margin the prevailing provider of business planes. Up until 1997, Boeing was the unmistakable market pioneer on the traveler plane market. Presently the circumstance is less sure, as Airbus has overwhelmed its American competitor[1] not just in the household advertise yet additionally on the planet advertise, with its presentation of new models of traveler airplanes. The principle issue tended to in this article is that a 1992 U.S.- EU non military personnel airplane settlement permits an excessive amount of European government support for Airbus, helping it sell a bigger number of jetliners than Boeing, which had a 80% offer in the market 10 years back. In this manner the U.S. government needs the E.U. to stop any new appropriations given by their administration, which are planned for ensuring their avionic business. The market structure for the aviation area is oligopolistic for example there are scarcely any enough firms to empower boundaries to section to new firms as a result of different reasons, for example, immense capital ventures and high innovation. Consequently, Boeing and Airbus, which are the two mammoths in the aeronautic trade, have essentially part the market. At the point when Airbus was first set up, it confronted a ton of rivalry from Boeing. This non military personnel airplane agreement permitted the European government to take protectionist gauges by giving different government sponsorships to its creating high â€technology industry (for example Airbus) so it could contend with Boeing in the global market. The outline beneath delineates the effect of the endowments on the amount provided via Airbus in the local market. In the chart we accept that the world gracefully is totally flexible at Pw. Under conditions o... ... debates and compound exchange realtionships between the U.S. also, the E.U. The E.U. government was legitimized in giving appropriations to Airbus prior. This is on the grounds that Boeing were the reasonable market pioneers and had built up an imposing business model force (for example Boeing was the main significant industry in the aviation segment) on the planet showcase, yet additionally in the nearby European market. Thus, this acted like a major danger to Airbus, since they couldn't contend on the planet and nearby market and this could have lead to the decay of the airplane business of Airbus. Be that as it may, presently, since Airbus has built up itself as one of the principle makers in the aviation part, future sponsorships are most certainly not alluring with the expectation of complimentary exchange. References: Essential of Economics †John Sloman http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hello there/business/125726.stm [1] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hello there/business/125726.stm

They all carried ghosts Essay Example For Students

They all conveyed phantoms Essay The Things They Carried, by Tim OBrien, contains numerous references to assets of character.Many things Lt. Cross conveys were conveyed by all, including: military gear, writing material, photos, sicknesses, nourishment, the place that is known for Vietnam itself, their lives, and considerably more. OBrien features these alongside exceptional things that Lt. Jimmy Cross conveys. He, in this manner, uncovers something of what Cross qualities. Assets mirror his character and musings. Sadness, dread, love, longingthese were intangibles, however the intangibles had their own mass and explicit gravity, they had substantial weight.Lt. Jimmy Cross conveys letters and a stone from Martha, a young lady whom he thinks about significantly, however she doesn't have similar feelings for him. He conveys these things to help him to remember her, of his affections for her. We will compose a custom paper on They all conveyed apparitions explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Toward the finish of consistently he ceremonially opens up them and understands them. These letters are light in weight, just ten ounces, however end up being a substantial weight. Most importantly, he conveys the obligation regarding the lives of his men. He is dreaming when Lavender is shot, thus he censures himself for it. Lavenders demise was something which He would need to convey like a stone in his stomach for the remainder of the war. He doesn't generally focus on what is generally significant, his men. Lt. Jimmy Cross consumes all of Marthas letters toward the finish of the story, attempting to overlook her, to delete the memory. All things considered, he conveys her in his psyche alongside the unpleasant memory that she was not included. Martha is only a piece of the details now, he says goodbye to her in his brain and chooses to free himself of the stone. He is past his long stretches of dreaming and trusting. Everything that Lt. Cross conveys has more physical load than those letters, yet none were to a greater extent a weight to him.Everything that Jimmy Cross conveys bears more physical load than the letters. Nothing, in any case, is by all accounts about as a lot of a weight. Cross is a uninformed youngster going into the war. Lavenders demise and everything going on around him makes him fully aware of the impending threats. What he has, both inside and outside, have shielded him from understanding this. His commitment was not to be adored yet to lead.

How Visual Stimulation Improves Client Retention

Visual stimulation has long been a primary concern for marketers. If the eyes are bored and unstimulated, then the brain will tug the viewer's attention to something else. In the digital age, where consumers are exposed to several different brands and messages all at once, that "something else" is likely going to be a competing brand's content. In other words, if your visuals don't provide high levels of stimulation, then your online leads will be more likely to defect to a competitor. Related: 4 ways to increase conversions with visual content Getting past the first impression We often say not to judge a book by its cover, but our brains are hardwired to do just that. It's the reason why we ‘eat with our eyes'—we like when things look nice. The visuals that accompany your content are what viewers will see first, whether that content is an advertisement, the packaging of your products, your business card, a social media post or anything in between. Thus, these visuals are the first impression potential customers will get of your brand, and they'll use them to decide whether your brand appeals to them or not. Source: Kissmetrics The first trait that visuals can showcase to a viewer is quality. We like things that look nice because we associate superior looks with quality. If you knew absolutely nothing about cars, you'd still choose a Ferrari over a Toyota Camry because it looks better. The same is true with brands, products and content. In a world where consumers are connected to an always increasing number of brands and messages, you must strive towards being the Ferrari. This is particularly true for social media channels. As that lead is scrolling through their social media feed, you'll only get a few moments to send a message to their brain that tells their finger to stop scrolling. The fastest avenue to this reaction is visual. Beyond first impressions, the importance of visual stimulation doesn't diminish. Once the eyes aren't engaged anymore, the brain knows it's time to move on. Digital marketers pay close attention to engagement metrics because they show how many consumers were driven to react or interact with the content. Of all the possible customers that were reached, those that engaged with the content were the ones that stayed from beginning to end. Visually stimulating content helps engagement because it compels users to continue watching, reading or experiencing the content. Additionally, visually exciting content is much more memorable. When someone is stimulated with pleasing, compelling visuals, the brain has a much easier time paying attention and remembering the information it processes. You may encounter an online lead who doesn't need your product or service yet, but in the future, they will. By visually stimulating them during their interactions with your brand, they'll be more likely to recall you when the information is relevant. This also makes visually pleasing content more shareable, because the longer someone can recall it, the higher the likelihood of finding it relevant to a friend or family member. How to make visually stimulating content All these reasons make a compelling argument for the relationship between visual stimulation and client retention, which might've started the wheels turning about how you can produce more visually stimulating content. Before those wheels drive you in the wrong direction, it's important to look at how you should improve your visual content. Quality is paramount: As already mentioned, quality is a huge indicator for your brand. In your quest for more visually exciting content, pay close attention to the images and other visuals you use. Visuals are great, but bad or low-resolution visuals are not. Source: Contemporary Communications Relevance follows quality: Like avoiding bad or low-quality images, you want to avoid visuals that aren't relevant to the information being provided. In other words, don't include visuals for the sake of adding visuals. (See: cats.) They should make sense and pertain to the content in question. Cover is crucial: We already know that people judge a book by its cover. Your initial visual should be the most compelling because users only spend a few seconds on a webpage before making the decision to stay or go. Over-stimulation is real: If there's too much going on with too many visuals, the brain won't be able to accurately process it all. Think of it like an action movie: while there are scenes with explosions, lasers and car chases, there are also slow scenes to develop the plot and its characters. Why? Because if the whole movie were action, we'd be overloaded and our brains would mentally withdraw us from the experience. Visuals carry the eye: Researchers have been studying the way the eye moves across a page for decades. By understanding eye tracking, marketers can ensure that the viewer's eyes move logically across the page to pick up all the vital information. Images are one way to influence how someone's eyes scan a page. We're naturally drawn to images, so by placing them strategically, you can control where the eyes travel. Key takeaways Visual stimulation is a powerful tool for improving client retention rates. It immediately demonstrates the quality of your brand and empowers you to stand out among competitors. It engages users for longer and keeps them on the page, which makes your marketing more memorable, even days or weeks after the content was viewed. Producing visually stimulating content takes a skilled blend of relevancy, quality and placement to see the best results. Create striking visual content in minutes with our easy-to-use desktop publishing software. 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Difference Between Chinese Culture and Western Culture

Intercultural Communication and the Conflicts between Chinese Culture and Western Culture Abstract There are many matters of cultural conflicts in intercultural communication of Chinese culture and western culture, and it seriously affects the course of communication. So, it is necessary for us to find the in-depth reason and make some plans on how to improve the ability of intercultural communication. This is the right way to avoid the cultural conflicts. There are several culture conflicts: the conflicts on privacy, the conflicts on the sense of time, the conflicts on traditional cultures, the conflicts on table custom. The reasons are: the difference in the mode of thinking, the difference in behavior, the difference in the concept of†¦show more content†¦B. The conflicts on the sense of time The sense of time of western people is closely related with money. The idea that Time is money has formed in their thought. So, they set a high value on their time. In the daily time, western people have a meticulous plan about their time and they have a good habit of coming to date on time. In western countries, if you want to call on someone, you must inform them or date with them before you come and you should tell them your coming purpose, the time and the place. After both of you discuss about it, you can make it out. But, Chinese people use their time at their pleasure. Usually, Chinese people will not do things as the western people, and western people usually feel unsuitable on this course. Most western people spend their time in working and studying, they seldom spend a lot time in eating or doing something else. But Chinese people spend much time on other things. For example, when western people come to KFC to have a meal, they eat their food as soon as possible, but, the C hinese people in KFC show another situation. They eat their food slowly and chat with each other. They do not think this is a way to waste time. C. The conflicts on traditional cultures Chinese people pay special attention to modesty. When they communicate with others, they often respect others but look down upon themselves. They think this is a virtue and this is a polite phenomenon with Chinese characteristics. When others praiseShow MoreRelatedCultural Differences Between Chinese Culture And Western Culture Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican culture. All of me though of culture inheres in Chinese culture. I never thought there’s such a large cultural difference between Chinese culture and Western culture. It did not occur to me to consider why it happens and what I could learn from it. It’s my first year here in America and I choose to live in home stay instead of living on campus. Both of my home stay family are so young as 30 years old. While I was living with that home stay, I have understanding about cultural differences betweenRead MoreComparing Chinese Food Culture And Western Diet Culture1617 Words   |  7 PagesComparison and comparis on of Chinese food culture and Western diet culture. Student name: jeff wu(chuofu wu) Student ID: 13400334 Academic skill Preface This article will discuss the differences between Chinese and Western diet culture, diet culture has a very important role in the world culture. Because of the cultural differences between China and the west, they have different food and cultural differences, each country has its unique food culture, whether it is the concept orRead MoreDifferences Cultural in Chinese Food and Western Food1648 Words   |  7 PagesÃ¥ ¯ ¸ The Cultural Differences between Chinese and Western Food Cheng Hoi Man Upper Iowa University Term 4 2012 – 2013 COMM 221(DT) – Intercultural Communication Ms. Jamie Ku 9th June 2013 The Cultural Differences between Chinese and Western Food Abstract Food is one of the most enjoyable aspects of cultures to share. Every place has its own culinary delights to discover. Food culture can reflect the indication of human social development and improvement. In this paper, food ideas andRead MoreChinese Food As A Multicultural Country852 Words   |  4 Pageslifestyle and culture? According to the author Arlene Chan, â€Å"Canadians celebrate on July 1 because that day is Dominion Day, but for Chinese is â€Å"Humiliation Day† (Chan, 1878). It means Chinese immigrants refused to celebrate like what the Canadians do in July 1. Thus, different cultures cannot be merged easily due to food culture, wedding culture and education culture. First of all, based on the countries food culture, people would prepare their traditional food in their daily meals. Chinese food is anRead MoreDifference Between Eastern and Western Architecture1510 Words   |  7 Pagesand thus a comprehensive reflection of both the characteristics of the times is the concentrated expression of national culture . The difference between Chinese and western architectural forms , the performance of cultural differences . It reflects the difference between physicial and natural environment, social structure and morphology of the differences and the difference between the aesthetic realm . Keywords : material; layout ; traditional values ; aesthetic Read MoreRetail Marketing Is All About Cultural Differences and Communication1559 Words   |  7 PagesZi Zhao ADMN3170 0440210 Retail Marketing Is All About Cultural Differences and Communication In the 21 century, the process of globalization is getting faster. More and more people tend to be involved in the world community. People should be able to understand people will not have too much difficulties to communicate with each other in a very same cultural background. Using the same communicate skills to communicate a person with a very different cultural background might lead that personRead MoreChinese Management Style and Western Style1169 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and contrast common Chinese management styles and common Western management styles By Di Yang 09114786 Accounting, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University Introduction It is a fact that the economic trade tends to occur among counties all over the world. The managerial styles about how to plan a project and control a complete process as well as directing work of subordinates in companies especially in the multinational enterprises become similar in the economicRead MoreDifferences Between American And Chinese Cultures932 Words   |  4 Pagesexploring the differences in overall cultural value structures among different cultures has gradually grew business’s attention across the world. No matter small companies or global conglomerates, how to get involve and maintain their competitive advantages and long-term sustainable success in global business trade has been a heated topic to discuss. To fully understand the ethic differences and cultural influences, the following four aspects will help us to uncover the similarities and differences betweenRead MoreComparison Of American And Chinese Legal Culture1609 Words   |  7 PagesComparison of A merican and Chinese legal culture Abstract: The legal culture is a national, regional or national basis in certain social and material conditions, the state power by the creation of a common legal system constraints and determine the status of the legal system of values and attitudes in the whole society and culture. Thus, each country has its own unique legal culture. By selecting the most typical American and Chinese legal cultures of two different aspects: the legal standard, comparativeRead MoreCulture Difference in Business Negotiation1456 Words   |  6 Pages è â€Ã§ ³ »Ã¦â€" ¹Ã¥ ¼ Ã¯ ¼Å¡*********** è ® ºÃ¦â€"‡æ  â€¡Ã© ¢ËœÃ¯ ¼Å¡Ã¦â€"‡åÅ'â€"Ã¥ · ®Ã¥ ¼â€šÃ¥ ¯ ¹Ã¥â€¢â€ Ã¥Å  ¡Ã¨ °Ë†Ã¥Ë† ¤Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ ½ ±Ã¥â€œ  2010Ã¥ ¹ ´6æÅ"ˆ Titleï ¼Å¡the influence of cultural difference on business negotiation 〠Abstract】International business negotiation is playing a more and more important role in modem society. We can see clearly that there are great differences in international business negotiation. Specially, culture can influence negotiating styles in different ways, because negotiators who may come from another nation is different from us

Impact Of Information Technology On Banking Industry †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Impact Of Information Technology On Banking. Answer: Introduction The report will discuss in detail about the overall influence of information technology in banking industry. This industry is primarily based on an industry that had advent varied types of new services for customers as well as varied products with the help of IT. The whole industry is going through so many changes because of which the presentation of information technology has transformed the market completely. In fact, in the current era, complete structure of this industry is transforming because of rapid growth and emergence of new technologies (Tong et al., 2015). There is continuous amount of success where applicants of IT can be relate to certain limitations of the current computer systems in bank and should be developed in order to meet the demand. Information technology This sector has influenced by information technology in most impactful manner as well as the overall development in the sector is huge. Information technology has been a crucial part of business because the absence has actually resulted in bad decision making. In addition, technology has also opened up since there are number of opportunities in the marketplace and it is effective for the product and service. It is also effective for many delivery based solutions. The concepts of electronic banking along with mobile banking are some of the perfect examples for the same (Ferro et al., 2014). The process is also related to taking right type of steps to make the whole process more influential. In addition, the evaluation of IT in recent years has also set the stage on the path of development in so many finances related activities all over the world. The development of different system in technology and associated growth worldwide has also helped in decreasing the cost. Importance of IT in banking It is important to understand that in todays time the technology has greatly influenced the competition in the market with high degree of contestability in the company. Since the overall growth of varied software, it is important to understand the superiority in banking system which is entirely related to information that can be impacted in future. The limitations while entering the industry are also reducing and based on new kind of competitors that are giving rise to new kind of details (Paunov and Rollo, 2015). There are also some finance based products as well as services that have helped the company in becoming more transparent by nature. Technology has also influenced economies of scale since there is continuous pressure from competition along with overall force related to banks and also reduces the cost. In addition, banks also seem to develop the concept of economy of scale which is in procession of bank instead getting the stature of big bank. Banks also look for many options to save the business structure. There are many other options as well like confederation or joint venture for finance companies. There are other options or alternatives as well to understand the whole economy of scale which consist of the present joint venture along with confederation associated with many companies in finance and banking sector (Pradhan et al., 2015). Requirement In order to set up software in the bank, it is very important to understand that there is lots of growth in so many applications and the overall procedure in bank in addition become trusted and fast. Records are also kept well organized and the overall process is based on retrieval and making it simpler. Development of all the solution especially the core solution associated with computerized systems in bank also provides greater as well as so many trusted services and also it happens with the help of expansion in the technology base with the concept of core banking becoming a reality (Asongu, 2015). Introducing new systems like MICR which is actually a cheque processing systems also help in boosting the technological development. Technologies like Magnetic Ink along with the MICR systems that is actually developed and executed well in the proper manner. The current base of technology has also completely revolutionized the systems by understanding the process that happens over the counter and in a more systematic manner which is effective. Methods Information technology is an integral part of banking and following discussion will throw light on various methods in which it is done: - Concept of plastic money: the recording with the help of magnetic data related technology has been utilized with strips that are actually magnetic and comes in the form of plastic money. This is why, this technology of ATM are used on many ATM machines that are in reality reducing the requirement of so many account holder to visit these branch within the banking sector from the account very comfortably (Sondermann, 2014). Growth in internet related banking solutions helps the customers to transact easily. The data is actually store in centralized manner and there is an increase in the overall reach of internet where the concept of solution related to internet banking was introduced and it is not important to provide it to all the banking organization. The present platform also helps so many transactions and further make inquires about functioning online without really visiting the bank (Lechman and Marszk, 2015). Advantages Following is detailed discussion of advantages of Information Technology in banking: - The main advantage of introducing technology in banking sector is that it allows the consumers to be comfortably able to handle the work along with monitoring the bank statement at any time. Consumers can also comfortably access their account either on personal computer, laptop or on smart phone at all point of time and it is also important create some kind of comfort for them. Another biggest advantage of technology in banking is the concept of Remote Deposit Capture. It is actually an online service that assists in evaluating and also depositing the amount in the form of cheque by sitting at home only with offices and other type of location and without having to go through the bank (Aliyu et al., 2014). Quick transaction helps the customers to use internet more often and the transactions are possessed properly and in rapid manner. For example, customer can now take right kind of purchase decisions and also make payment with the ATM card or credit card and the cheque as well as the whole transaction is shown in account rapidly. Working with accounting software helps many small scale businesses and its management which can use this software. There are so many kinds of banks that in the current time have started using the information in bank account directly to conduct accounting functions. This further provides a right as well as updated statement of the company and also provides clarity on the viewpoint of so many financial statements without adding any kind of account number (Aliyu et al., 2014). Risks in banking sector It is well understood that the technology these days has become a huge part of the banking sector but there are some major risks as well associated with it. Cyber risks are one of them which actually related to theft of data and can later be compromised along with degraded systems. In addition, there are also so many types of risks associated to information technology which becomes a major concern for the top management. There are number of companies that are constantly facing continuous risks from mistakes like misalignment that is present between the company as well as information technology department and the overall strategies related to management based decision that helps in increasing the cost and also make the process more complex (Aliyu et al., 2014). The rise in the number of mergers and acquisition helps in creating some types of complication in company and its present IT environment. At the same time, there are also number of technologies which is disruptive in nature and also based on solution that are challenging the current business model. Following is the detailed discussion of so many kinds of crucial risks in technology in finance services and in banking: - Risks in strategy based on IT Cyber security risk and incident responses risks Resilience in information technology in addition to constant risks Risks from third party and technology related vendors Risk of managing the data Implementation risks in IT programs Risks associated with ineffective management related to risks (Binuyo and Aregbeshola, 2014) Technology and operation related risks Ways to monitor in banking sector It is crucial to understand that the banks can properly invest to defend the current business account because they are completely dependent on any type of loss or frauds since there are number of customers and related accounts. When the size of the bank is large in the regional area, then it is important to have best available option in security systems however the banks in community tend to lose the present market because there is outsourcing of the current technology which is based on a system (Binuyo and Aregbeshola, 2014). The best type of protecting the company is to have an agreement in writing or claiming that the banks can comfortably absorb any type of fraud or theft. Conclusion The fact that the technology advancement has become crucial in the current time is well known fact. Banks needs to become more adaptive by nature in order to bring or embrace new technologies to function in desired manner and create effectives services for the customers. The present banking industry is can be treated as an exception which is related to any type of adaptation (Martnez-Jurado and Moyano-Fuentes, 2014). This is why; it is actually worthwhile to advise that many present banking organizations need to spend or invest more on IT. References Aliyu, A.A., Rosmain, T. and Takala, J., 2014. Online banking and customer service delivery in Malaysia: data screening and preliminary findings.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,129, pp.562-570. Asongu, S.A., 2015. Financial sector competition and knowledge economy: evidence from SSA and MENA countries.Journal of the Knowledge Economy,6(4), pp.717-748. Binuyo, A.O. and Aregbeshola, O., 2014. The impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on commercial bank performance: evidence from South Africa.Problems and perspectives in Management,12(3), pp.59-68. Ferro, E., Portugal?Perez, A. and Wilson, J.S., 2014. Aid to the services sector: does it affect manufacturing exports?.The World Economy,37(4), pp.530-541. Lechman, E. and Marszk, A., 2015. ICT technologies and financial innovations: the case of Exchange Traded Funds in Brazil, Japan, Mexico, South Korea and the United States.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,99, pp.355-376. Martnez-Jurado, P.J. and Moyano-Fuentes, J., 2014. Lean management, supply chain management and sustainability: a literature review.Journal of Cleaner Production,85, pp.134-150. Paunov, C. and Rollo, V., 2015. Overcoming Obstacles: The Internet's Contribution to Firm Development.The World Bank Economic Review,29(suppl 1), pp.S192-S204. Pradhan, R.P., Arvin, M.B. and Norman, N.R., 2015. The dynamics of information and communications technologies infrastructure, economic growth, and financial development: Evidence from Asian countries.Technology in Society,42, pp.135-149. Sondermann, D., 2014. Productivity in the euro area: any evidence of convergence?.Empirical Economics,47(3), pp.999-1027. Tong, C., Tak, W.I.W. and Wong, A., 2015. The Impact of knowledge sharing on the relationship between organizational culture and Job satisfaction: The perception of information communication and technology (ICT) practitioners in Hong Kong.International Journal of Human Resource Studies,5(1), p.19.

Shift Workers Essays - Circadian Rhythm, Working Time, Employment

Shift Workers The schedulilng of hours of work is undoubtedly one of the major social problems of industrial society. Statistic estimates that 30% of Canada's workforce are involved in some kinds of shiftwork. Of those, 33% work irregular shifts, just under 30% work rotating shifts, 17% work long term evening shifts, 10% work on call, 3% work split shifts, 3% work long term night shifts and just over 3% are classed as other. Present estimates tell us that before the trend slows, fully 35% of the workforce will work some type of shiftwork (Siroonian 123). Companies are feeling the need to maximize their efficiency by spreading their operating costs over 24 hours. However, on the other hand, working other than the standard dayshift can cause many problems for the worker. It can affect the worker's health and safety and the relationships with one's family and the community (Carpentier 14). In this essay, I will analysis the impact of shiftwork on humans and make some suggestions of how to alleviate s ome negative aspect of it. On one hand, shiftwork enhances economy advantages (Maurice 13). Adaption of shiftwork may result in a reduction in unemployment, or may provide work for those potentially unemployed (Perlow 46). In some cases, the choice may be between shift work and no work at all. In addition, shiftwork can enable full use of capital goods. James Walker suggests that from the point of view of the economy as a whole, the introduction of shift work, by reducing the stock of capital required to produce a given output, can encourage the entry of new firms into an industry and thus makes the economy more competitive (Walker 81). However, despite the economy advantages, we must take human costs into account too. Shiftwork has side effect on worker in the physicalogical aspect. The most common short-term ailment is a stomach or gastro-intestinal problem. One study found shiftworkers had twice as high a rate of ulcers as day workers did. Others have linked shiftwork with problems like heartburn, loss of appetite, diarrhea and constipation (Aanonsen 57). Few shiftworkers escape their years on rotation without experiencing at least one of those symptoms. It is because that they are not eating at traditional meal times, and eat junk food or other snacks that are quick and convenient (Aanonsen 58). Caffeine, the shiftworker's constant companion, and changing meal times from one day to the next may affect gastric secretions, aggravating digestive problems. Sleep disorders, caused by the disruption of circadian rhythm, are a common long-term health effect experienced by shiftworkers. Fatigue can also make a person mo re vulnerable to illness, poor job performance and sagging motivation (Tasto 26). Because of difficulties getting to sleep or staying awake, shiftworkers may be more likely to suffer from substance abuse. Some may use alcohol or sleeping pills as a tool to help them relax and get to sleep at the end of the shift. Others may find themselves using tobacco or drugs to keep themselves awake and functioning through the day. All these substances can be addictive, and can lead to other health problems such as heart attack, diabetes and elilepsy (Morgan 75). Many of these health effects, both long term and short term, are interconnected. When some or all of them are piled on the shiftworker's shoulders, it may also lead to depression or even nervous breakdown. Shiftwork also has effects on worker's family and social life. Plagued by constant exhaustion and obsessed with getting enough sleep, shiftworker can suffer from high levels of irritability, mood swings and stress. All of these can create complications in family relationships (Simon 343). James Walker suggests that it is common place to talk of shiftworking as abnormal, night work as unnatural, shift workers as being ioslated (walker 81). Due to shift work, family rountine may never be able to fully set, and shiftworkers may have difficulties playing the role of caregiver, social companion, sexual partners and parents. Shiftworkers have to either conform to his family's rountine, interupting his sleep to have lunch with their families, or follow a rountine of their own. If they do neither, they are forced to live to some extent independently of their families (Simon 344). Less interaction and

Rural Poverty in Indonesia

Rural Poverty in Indonesia Introduction In spite of the recent occurrence of global economic recession, the economy of Indonesia has been going on growing at a steady rate, making the country to be classified among the middle-class countries.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rural Poverty in Indonesia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to Indonesia realizing constant economic growth, there has been a steady decrease in the overall poverty level in the country: the level has dropped from 17%, witnessed in the year 2004, to about 12.5% in the year 2011 (IFAD 1). However, even if Indonesia has realized a reduction in the overall poverty level, the poor people, especially those living in the rural areas in this country, are currently worse off and the gap between the wealthy people and the poor is getting wider and wider (IFAD 1). In this paper, I am going to support my viewpoint that; despite Indonesia realizing substantial economic gro wth, rural poverty in the country remains to be a big problem that needs to be addressed with urgent need. The conclusion section of the paper will present a summary of discussion. Rural Poverty in Indonesia Suryahadi and Hadiwidjaja point out the idea that Indonesia’s power to bring down the level of poverty became stronger after the occurrence of the Asian financial crisis (Suryahadi and Hadiwidjaja 20). However, they also offer an explanation that there is a slower rate of poverty reduction among the rural poor (Suryahadi and Hadiwidjaja 20). They point out that the growth of Indonesia’s economy does not benefit individuals who need to be greatly attended to (Suryahadi and Hadiwidjaja 20). As on one hand a larger number of people living in poverty are found in the rural areas, on the other hand, there exists â€Å"a division in which the pace of poverty reduction slows down in rural areas and speeds up in urban areas after the crisis† (Suryahadi and Hadiwidja ja 20). Moreover, these researchers observe that, the contribution made by the â€Å"urban services sector growth†, which is found to be very much effectual in poverty reduction, reduced for the rural regions after the occurrence of the Asian financial crisis (Suryahadi and Hadiwidjaja 20).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Following this, the impact of the â€Å"urban services sector† is not currently felt in the rural areas in the same way it used to be before the occurrence of the Asian financial crisis. As a result, it is not a big surprise that the overall rate of reduction of poverty level in Indonesia decreases (Suryahadi and Hadiwidjaja 20). Approximately fifty percent of the Indonesian population lives only slightly above the poverty line (IFAD 1). This population that is near to poverty is prone to such unfavorable conditions as incre ases in the food prices, poor health, natural calamities among other factors, which can easily take them back to poverty (Hasan, Rana and Quibria 261). In spite of the country taking appropriate measures, in the recent times, to bring improvements in the health as well as education sectors, the quality of health care and public services cannot measure up to the same standards as those of other middle-income nations but remains behind (Loayza and Raddatz 141). It is also reported that high levels of undernourishment among the young kids, higher levels of deaths among mothers, lack of clean drinking water and poor quality of education for children, are found to be the most common problems affecting the poor people living in rural areas in Indonesia (IFAD 1). An example of a fluctuation in food prices causing an increase in the poverty levels among the near-poor people can be given of a situation that occurred during the years 2005 and 2006. During that time, the Indonesian government banned imports and this led to an increase in domestic rice price (Suryahadi, Hadiwidjaja and Sumarto 7). This was considered by a number of researchers as being among the main causes of the increase in the poverty levels (McCulloch 45; Warr 14; World Bank 1). It is pointed out that, even if there was introducing of â€Å"the UCT and an expansion of Raskin benefits around the same time, near poor households were unable to cope with the rising price of their single most important consumption good† (Suryahadi, Hadiwidjaja and Sumarto 7). About 70% of the total number of the people in Indonesia lives in the rural areas and their major source of income is farming (IFAD 1). Research shows that poverty in these rural areas is on the increase and it has been reported that about 16.5% of the people in the rural areas live in poverty as compared to about 9.9% of those who live in urban areas (IFAD 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rural Poverty in Indonesia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wetterberg, Sumarto and Pritchett point out that in Indonesia, the difference in the rates of poverty in the urban and rural areas always stands at above 6%, apart from the case of the year 1998, in the course of the Asian financial crisis which adversely affected the people living in the urban centers more than those living in the rural areas (Wetterberg, Sumarto and Pritchett 145). A very large number of small-scale farmers are not able to capitalize on the available opportunities that economic growth offers (IFAD 1). The farmers are mostly not in a position to have access to the financial and agricultural extension services and they also do not have good and reliable markets for their farm products (IFAD 1). Moreover, production of food by the rural population greatly puts focus on satisfying the subsistence needs (de Janvry and Sadoulet 13). Even if this country engages in the production of the crops that have a high market value such coffee, cloves and cocoa among others, the government has not invested much in the processing, marketing and management systems which are required in the expansion of production and â€Å"take full advantage of this demand† (de Janvry and Sadoulet 13). Poverty in Indonesia is more prevalent in the isolated eastern islands than other areas and in this region, about 95% of the people in the rural areas live in poverty (IFAD 1). In most parts of this region, people engage in subsistence farming. The native people that have always been marginalized and have not been able to benefit from the development programs put in place by the government are in these areas. The areas in the coastal region have been environmentally degraded and the villages can only be accessed with much difficulty. People living in these areas find that the only way they can overcome the problem of poverty is to migrate to the urban areas (IFAD 1). Some research findin gs have shown that migration to urban areas from the rural areas plays a big role in poverty reduction.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, Abuzar Asra, following his research on poverty levels among the people who live in urban areas and rural areas, found out that in the period between 1987 and 1996, there was significant decline in poverty levels as a result of rural to urban migration in Indonesia (Asra 1). Moreover, the women, especially those living in rural areas in Indonesia, are very susceptible to poverty. They have limited access to quality education, receive less pay as compared to men and they are often discriminated against in their communities as well as their households and may be excluded in decision making (Miranti 80). Conclusion The argument in this paper has been that: despite Indonesia realizing substantial economic growth, rural poverty in the country remains to be a big problem that needs to be addressed with urgent need. It has been found out that the country became even stronger in working towards bringing down the level of poverty after the recent Asian financial crisis. However, poverty reduction has been found to be slower in the rural population than in the urban one. Over 70% of Indonesians live in rural areas and basically depend on agriculture for their livelihood. But there is no adequate government support for agricultural production and marketing and the people who live in the rural areas mainly focus on subsistence farming. In addition, women and people living in remote areas have been marginalized and discriminated against and they do not have sufficient access to the government services. Moreover, the people in rural areas in Indonesia are also vulnerable to some unfavorable conditions such as changing food prices and poor health conditions among others. Such conditions may not make it possible for these people to evade poverty completely. It is important that the Indonesian government take necessary measures to ensure all its people receive equal benefits from the economic growth that is being realized by the country. Asra, Abuzar. Urban-rural differences in costs of living and their impact on poverty measures. n.d. Web. de Janvry, Alain and Sadoulet Elisabeth. â€Å"Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction: Additional Evidence.† World Bank Research Observer 9.25 (2009): 1-20. Print. Hasan, Rana and Quibria George. â€Å"Industry Matters for Poverty: A Critique of Agricultural Fundamentalism.† Kyklos, 57.2 (2004): 253-64. Print. IFAD. Rural poverty in Indonesia, 2012. Web. Loayza, Norman and Raddatz Claudio. â€Å"The Composition of Growth Matters for Poverty Alleviation.† Journal of Development Economics 93.1 (2010): 137-151. Print. McCulloch, Neil. â€Å"Rice prices and poverty in Indonesia.† Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 44.1(2008): 45-63. Print. Miranti, Riyana. â€Å"Poverty in Indonesia 1984-2002: The Impact of Growth and Changes in Inequality.† Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 46.1 (2010): 79-97. Print. Suryahadi, Asep and Hadiwidjaja Gracia 2011, The role of ag riculture in poverty a Poverty, food prices and economic growth in Southeast Asian perspective. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2011. Print. Wetterberg, Anna, Sumarto Sudarno and Pritchett Lant. â€Å"A national snapshot of the social impact of Indonesia’s.† Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 35.3(1999): 145-152. Print. World Bank. Managing through a global downturn: East Asia Update. Washington DC: World Bank East Asia and Pacific Region, 2006. Print.

Communications - Single-loop & Double-loop Learning Essay

Communications - Single-loop & Double-loop Learning - Essay Example It is also possible to simply reject the basis of this goal since a great amount of experience has already been gained. It can be undertaken by an individual or even an organization. Learning regimes are helped essentially by the aligning of instruction and assessment methods with theoretical basis. Instruction takes care of the assessment methods and assessments in return discern the exact basis of a student’s repertoire with knowledge. Theories look after the different ways under which strategic basis is manifested. All of these help in jotting down the learning styles which are adopted by different students. It is a need to align the instruction needs and assessment methods in order to reap rich rewards for the students as per their learning regimes. This will essentially make them into learned individuals at the end of the day. Both instruction and assessment methods incorporate the element of learning from a long haul. The different educational paradigms that come into pl ay include the positivist, the constructivist and the critical – all of which support as well as obstruct the alignment process in essence. Supporting the alignment process would mean that the organization is getting the work done in a pretty easy fashion (Garette, 2001). On the other hand, obstructing the alignment process would entail its basis within the critical paradigm of educational discussions. Thus the paradigm basis will manifest the wrongdoings in a person or an entity so to speak. The type of paradigm that an organization uses depends a great deal on its kind of work. The usage of all these three educational paradigms would mean that there is a complete mesh and the organization will reap the benefits in the long run Chris Argyris has provided for a clear cut description of the single-loop and double-loop learning mechanisms which have been instrumental at highlighting how organizational learning has been studied in the time and age of today. This is in light of t he ever-changing mechanisms that are closely associated with organizational learning and how employees have been able to shape up their domains on a proactively consistent basis. This comes from the aegis of the organizations themselves where the top management realms play their significant roles. Modifying the goal is important because it tells an individual exactly how to reach the goal and thus achieve his long term objectives and desires. Same is not the case with single-loop learning where there has been witnessed an inability for the goal modification realms (Marsick & Watkins, 1996). These are some of the most discussed aspects that come under the realms of organizational learning and have been depicted in a number of examples in the past as well. One should believe that double-loop learning is much better because it is comprehensive and encloses a number of aspects when one compares the same with single-loop learning. It is a fact that any organization that allows learning t o come about in a natural fashion with its folds is an organization that knows how to run its varied processes and carry out relevant tasks in a quantifiable manner. What learning essentially does is to bring in the much touted value and quality

Why are some firms Born Global Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why are some firms Born Global - Essay Example The motivation behind this phenomenon has been the increasing ease in conducting international trade and the globalisation concept that is being embraced the world over where the globe is one big market. This paper shall seek to look at why some firms are born global and look into the risks that they face in international markets. Firms that are born global have various characteristics in common that are both internal and external and they have similar market strategies they use to approach the international market. The born global concept therefore circles around internationalisation of firms and thus their ultimate expansion strategy (Fillis 2001, pp. 767-83). As mentioned earlier these firms enter into the export market when they are relatively small and young and the drive to do this emanates from their perception of the world being a market place. They take advantage of this and venture into markets abroad. These firms have been a subject of intense research for many years and particularly for the last two decades. They were first labelled as innate exporters but these were more characterised by high level management skills as well as a broader and in-depth international business outlook. Some firms were also taken for study and they were the high technology ones. These firms were seen to sprout to the i nternational business arena right from their start. The basic reason for this was the nature of their products where they needed to venture into new market so as to have a wider market base for their exotic products. All these firms that were characterised by their speed to enter into the international market were later termed as International New Ventures (Child and Rita 2001, pp. 1135-48). The following diagram illustrates this concept better: Although it was mentioned earlier that born global firms have been under research for a number of years now, the various challenges they

Economic conditions Essay Example for Free

Economic conditions Essay In this essay I’m going to argue that social, political, or economic conditions cannot alter the nature and meaning of art, with specific reference to works of art from Baroque and Rococo epochs. Evaluating a work of art is always a complicated task. Since the perception of art and beauty is highly subjective, it’s hard to think of universal criteria to measure artistic qualities of a certain piece. However, there is a broad consensus among the critics that there are certain criteria they apply when judging an art work. It’s possible to focus on four main criteria to judge an art work. First and foremost, the piece should be aesthetically pleasing, i. e. correspond to the all-common notion of beauty. It should be harmonious and evoking positive, elevated feelings. While there is a trend among some contemporary artists to make their pieces arouse indignation and disgust with a view to delivering a certain message or merely astonishing the public, I strongly deem that art and aesthetics are inherently linked. For instance, a typical example of baroque sculpture St. Theresa in Ecstasy of the church of Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome created by Bernini is perfect in its form, since it captures the beauty and harmony together with motion and energy. Same is true about Rococo sculpture: looking at ‘Amour menacant’ created by Etienne Maurice Falconet, it’s impossible not to admire the high degree of sophistication and perfection the statue of the little angel embodies. The second criterion I’m going to use is quality of workmanship, i. e. the mastery of artists’ skills. Another criterion which is very important is the uniqueness of artists’ manner. Great artists stand out for the peculiarity of their individual style. Some of them prefer to pioneer new forms and techniques, yet this is not a prerequisite for creating a style of your own. Many talented artists don’t break away from the tradition but simply find their own niche within the existing patterns of expression. While some artists of the Baroque and Rococo epoch were considered rebellious, e. g. Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, they didn’t violate basic rules of harmonious and aesthetically pleasing artistic expression. Jean-Honore Fragonard’s manner was also innovative in many instances, sine he introduced a delicate interplay of light and shadow as well as implicit eroticism into mainstream French painting, however he adhered to the generally accepted notion of what beauty and art are. Finally, the forth criterion is the message the piece is trying to send. Here it’s necessary to take into account the importance and relevance of the message as well as how successful the piece is in delivering it. Baroque and Rococo painters mainly focused on the depiction of mythological and religious scenes as well as the scenes from the daily life of the upper circles of society. While both themes that dominated the artistic discourse might seem to be detached from the real life, they served an important goal of educating the public about mythological and religious narratives or captured the spirit of their times through the portrayal of the privileged members of society The most persuasive proof of the thesis that social, political, or economic conditions cannot alter the nature and meaning of art is the fact that nowadays we still admire great works of art irrespective of the epoch they belong to.

Platos The Republic †Should We Search for the Truth? Essay -- Philos

Plato's Republic – Should We Search for the Truth? There is the common belief that what we experience as reality is just a mere illusion of the truth. Plato's allegory of the cave in "The Republic" describes human beings as being chained in a cave, such that they cannot move but are forced to face a wall, onto which shadows of puppets and themselves are projected. They are deceived into believing that their reality is composed of these "shadows" when actually, the world of truth is the "light" outside the cave. This analogy insinuates the probability that we have been entertaining "false notions" about life, and all our beliefs, ranging from religion to the sciences, are merely representations of the truth. What is this "light" that burns so bright in Plato's eyes? Are we certain that it exists? Because for all we know, life might be nothing but the cave itself. Plato appears certain of what the "light" beyond the cave will reveal to the one who has made the journey out. Firstly it will provide a means of illumination that will expose the "real existence" of the world. In the brightness of the "light", everything would be seen in their full beauty instead of the vague impressions shadows create. He would receive accurate information about life and therefore dispense with the need to discern between the truth and the lie. Furthermore, he would also see himself in his own "proper place". He would no longer be confused about his identity, role in society or purpose in life, and could then carry out his duties confidently and effectively. Secondly the "light" itself also symbolizes the "idea of good". Since it is mentioned in the allegory that if one were to act "rationally", he would need to rely on the "idea of good". It ca... ...tion we receive from life. In this case of the allegory, Plato is working on a whole plane of uncertainty as he is neither able to determine the existence of a different reality nor disprove the credibility of our lives. The world as we know it is indeed imperfect but imperfection should not qualify it as being false. Should we stop all things and embark on the intellectual ascent to the truth? Philosophically, yes. For according to Plato it would be better to "endure anything, rather than think as they do and live after their manner". However it is questionable if the need for knowledge of the truth (which might not even exist) is great enough to justify a journey in search for it. This is a decision we have to make for ourselves. Works Cited Plato. Republic. Trans. Benjamin Jowett. 8 Jan. 2001. http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/writing/ccwp11/allegory.htm.

A Case Study on: Toyota Revs Up U.S. Sales Essay

Since 1903, Chevrolet or Ford has been the best-selling car brand in the United States until 2002. Between two competitors, Ford is the first position in the market that year Toyota motor corporation of Japan sold cars nearest to the two competitors and Toyota will pass Ford in the very near future as because for the effectiveness of its long-term planning, modest goal and Toyota developed Strategy that modest growth in Japan, Europe and North America that was biggest opportunities in Southeast Asia but unfortunately economics level of Southeast Asia has slowed. The Japanese market is becoming more competitive for Toyota and the firm is losing sales to Honda & Nissan. For recovering this situation, Toyota’s manger intend to exploit opportunity fully and Toyota sales more vehicles in the states than in Japan. Than the firm uses corporate level strategy to focus on U. S market this strategy leads the firm into top place in the America market. â€Å"WE Must Americanize. † – Fujio Cho Toyota Motor Corporation Q. 1. List the threats and opportunities that Toyota is facing in its environment. Then list the strength and weakness of Toyota? See more: Satirical elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essay Answer: Basis on the Toyota’s business environment, Toyota facing some several threats and opportunities. These are point out in the below: Threats: 1. The economies level of Southeast Asian countries has slowed. 2. The Japanese market is getting more competitive for Toyota. 3. Toyota is losing sales to Honda and Nissan. 4. Initially Ford and Chevrolet has been best-selling car brand in the U. S market. Opportunities: 1. Exploiting of Toyota’s intend in the U. S. market 2. Approaching to local managers in order to Americanize. 3. Import taxes and current risk are reduced by manufacturing 2/3 of the cars U. S. and keeping revenues and expenses in U. S. dollars. 4. Utilizing American designers to compete effectively in the U. S. market Strengths: 1. The effectiveness of Toyota’s in long-term planning. 2. Toyota has innovative new product development. 3. The American competitors have been slow to respond to Toyota’s threat. 4. As a company, Toyota is beginning to set better long-term goals. 5. Toyota has accomplished ambitious goals. 6. Toyota do not like new direction and prefer that the firm stick â€Å"Toyota Way† Weaknesses: 1. Initially, Toyota had a very conservative approach to goals. 2. Failure to recognize market opportunity to develop a full-size pickup truck. 3. Slowing economies level in Southeast Asian countries.. 4. Traditionalists inside Toyota do not like where the company is headed and want to stick to old ways. 5. Lack of understanding of American preferences at the highest levels of the company. Q. 2. Consider Toyota’s U. S auto business. What business level strategy is the firm using? What factors did you rely on in reaching your decision? Answer: Toyota’s CEO realize that they must Americanize for this purpose the firm is using more American designers for care to be sold in the U. S market. This allows the firm to complete effectively with U. S auto market and to stay in touch with demands of American consumers. To achieve U. S market, the firm is using Geographical corporate level strategy. I relied on in reaching my decision, several distinct factors. These are given below: 1. Toyota’s business environment 2. Intend to exploit opportunity of Toyota’s manager 3. Toyota’s corporate level strategy Q. 3. In your opinion, is Toyota’s corporate level strategy (to focus on the U. S Market) likely to be effective over the next ten years? Why or why not? Answer: yes, I think Toyota’s corporate level strategy is definitely to be effective over the next ten years as because it is a company which is known for the effectiveness of its long term planning. Its corporate level strategy gets tremendous success in U. S Market. They are using American designers which will help to compete in the future due to get knowledge of updated consumer demand. It also using overall cost leadership strategy in American market. By considering the above case I think Toyota’s corporate level strategy would be effective over the next ten years.

United States Immigration Reform Why The Debate Is At A...

Nas Owusu Professor Gilmour GOVT 05-06-2015 United States Immigration Reform: Why the debate is at a Standstill â€Å"Remember, remember always, that all of us, and you and I especially are descended from immigrants and revolutionists.† –Franklin D. Roosevelt Immigration continues to be is a highly controversial topic in the United States of America. At times it seems that the only common ground that can be found is that the United States immigration system is completely and totally broken. After doing only a small amount of research those who may view immigration issues as only the problem of individual immigrants with find that the problem has sweeping influence and vast consequences. Today’s immigration debates continue to center on issues that stem from the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. This legislation ended up being very problematic, and becoming an action that many look back on with regret. After diving into the law itself, the problems surrounding the law, the debate afterwards, and the proposed solutions we will gain clearer insight into the intricacies of the United States immigration debate. The United States has been a symbol of freedom and opportunity that millions of men and women around the world for years. Immigration has a huge part to play in the economic and social development of the United States. The country has relied on constant flow of people from all pockets of the world. As a result, the United States has benefited from aShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: